There are four types of compound sentences. Compound sentences in Russian: examples and rules

A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by semantic and grammatical completeness. One of its main features is the presence of predicative parts. According to the number of grammatical bases, all sentences are classified as simple or complex. Both perform their main function in speech - communicative.

Types of complex sentences in Russian

A complex sentence consists of two or more simple sentences connected to each other using conjunctions or just intonation. At the same time, its predicative parts retain their structure, but lose their semantic and intonational completeness. Methods and means of communication determine the types of complex sentences. A table with examples allows you to identify the main differences between them.

Compound Sentences

Their predicative parts are independent in relation to each other and equal in meaning. They can be easily divided into simple ones and rearranged. Coordinating conjunctions, which are divided into three groups, act as a means of communication. Based on them, the following types of complex sentences with coordinating connections are distinguished.

1. With connecting conjunctions: AND, ALSO, YES (=AND), ALSO, NEITHER...NOR, NOT ONLY...BUT AND, AS...SO AND, YES AND. In this case, parts of compound conjunctions will be located in different simple sentences.

The whole city was already asleep, I Same went home. Soon Anton Not only I re-read all the books in my home library, but also turned to his comrades.

A feature of complex sentences is that the events described in different predicative parts can occur simultaneously ( AND thunder roared And the sun was breaking through the clouds), sequentially ( The train rumbled And a dump truck rushed after him) or one follows from the other ( It's already completely dark, And it was necessary to disperse).

1. With adversative conjunctions: BUT, A, HOWEVER, YES (= BUT), THEN, THE SAME. These types of complex sentences are characterized by the establishment of opposition relations ( Grandfather seemed to understand everything, But Grigory had to convince him of the need for the trip for a long time) or comparisons ( Some were fussing in the kitchen, A others started cleaning the garden) between its parts.
2. With disjunctive conjunctions: EITHER, OR, NOT THAT...NOT THAT, THAT...THAT, EITHER...EITHER. The first two conjunctions can be single or repeating. It was time to get to work, or he would be fired. Possible relationships between parts: mutual exclusion ( Either Pal Palych really had a headache, either he just got bored), alternation ( All day long That the blues took hold, That suddenly there was an inexplicable attack of fun).

Considering the types of complex sentences with a coordinating connection, it should be noted that the connecting conjunctions ALSO, ALSO and the adversative SAME are always located after the first word of the second part.

Main types of complex sentences with subordinating connections

The presence of a main and dependent (subordinate) part is their main quality. The means of communication are subordinating conjunctions or allied words: adverbs and relative pronouns. The main difficulty in distinguishing them is that some of them are homonymous. In such cases, a hint will help: an allied word, unlike a conjunction, is always a member of a sentence. Here are examples of such homoforms. I knew for sure What(union word, you can ask a question) look for me. Tanya completely forgot What(union) the meeting was scheduled for the morning.

Another feature of NGN is the location of its predicative parts. The location of the subordinate clause is not clearly defined. It can stand before, after or in the middle of the main part.

Types of subordinate clauses in SPP

It is traditional to correlate dependent parts with members of a sentence. Based on this, there are three main groups into which such complex sentences are divided. Examples are presented in the table.

Subordinate clause type		Question	Means of communication	Example
Definitive			Which, which, whose, when, what, where, etc.	There was a house near the mountain, a roof whom I'm already pretty thin.
Explanatory		Cases	What (s. and s.w.), how (s. and s.w.), so that, as if, as if, or... or, who, like, etc.	Mikhail didn't understand How solve the problem of.
Circumstantial		When? How long?	When, while, how, barely, while, since, etc.	The boy waited until Bye the sun hasn't set at all.
		Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, where	Izmestiev put the papers there, Where no one could find them.
		Why? From what?	Because, since, for, due to the fact that, etc.	The driver stopped for the horses suddenly began to snort.
	Consequences	What follows from this?		By morning it cleared up So the detachment moved on.
		Under what conditions?	If, when (= if), if, once, in case	If the daughter did not call for a week, the mother involuntarily began to worry.
		For what? For what purpose?	In order to, in order to, in order to, in order to, if only,	Frolov was ready for anything to get this place.
		Despite what? In spite of what?	Although, despite the fact that, even if, for nothing, whoever, etc.	Overall the evening was a success Although and there were minor shortcomings in its organization.
	Comparisons	How? Like what?	As if, exactly, as if, just as, as if, just as, as if,	Snowflakes flew down in large, frequent flakes, as if someone poured them out of a bag.
	Measures and degrees	To what extent?	What, in order, how, as if, as if, how much, how much	There was such silence What I felt somehow uneasy.
	Connection		what (in the oblique case), why, why, why = the pronoun this	There was still no car, from what The anxiety only grew.

SPP with several subordinate clauses

Sometimes a complex sentence may contain two or more dependent parts that relate to each other in different ways.

Depending on this, the following methods of connecting simple ones into complex sentences are distinguished (examples help to build a diagram of the described structures).

1. With consistent submission. The next subordinate clause depends directly on the previous one. It seemed to me, What this day will never end, because There were more and more problems.
2. With parallel homogeneous subordination. Both (all) subordinate clauses depend on one word (the entire part) and belong to the same type. This construction resembles a sentence with homogeneous members. There can be coordinating conjunctions between subordinate clauses. It soon became clear What it was all just a bluff So what no major decisions were made.
3. With parallel heterogeneous subordination. Dependents are of different types and refer to different words (the entire part). Garden, which sowed in May, already produced the first harvest, That's why life became easier.

Non-union complex sentence

The main difference is that the parts are connected only in meaning and intonation. Therefore, the relationships developing between them come to the fore. They are the ones who influence the placement of punctuation marks: commas, dashes, colons, semicolons.

Types of non-union complex sentences

1. The parts are equal, the order of their arrangement is free. Tall trees grew to the left of the road , to the right stretched a shallow ravine.
2. The parts are unequal, the second:

• reveals the contents of the 1st ( These sounds caused concern: (= namely) in the corner someone was rustling persistently);
• complements the 1st ( I peered into the distance: someone’s figure appeared there);
• indicates the reason ( Sveta laughed: (= because) the neighbor’s face was smeared with dirt).

3. Contrasting relationships between parts. This manifests itself in the following:

• the first indicates a time or condition ( I'm five minutes late - there is no one anymore);
• in the second unexpected result ( Fedor just got up to speed - the opponent immediately remained behind); opposition ( The pain becomes unbearable - you be patient); comparison ( Looks from under his brows - Elena will immediately burn with fire).

JV with different types of communications

Often there are constructions that contain three or more predicative parts. Accordingly, between them there can be coordinating and subordinating conjunctions, allied words or only punctuation marks (intonation and semantic relations). These are complex sentences (examples are widely presented in fiction) with various types of connections. Mikhail has long wanted to change his life, But Something was constantly stopping him; As a result, the routine bogged him down more and more every day.

The diagram will help to summarize information on the topic “Types of complex sentences”:

Complex is a complex sentence whose parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions.

The connection according to the method of composition gives the parts of a complex sentence a certain syntactic independence, but this independence is relative.

The parts of a sentence included in a complex sentence can be of the same type (two-part, one-part) or of different types (one part of a complex sentence is a two-part sentence, the other is a one-part sentence). For example: The foam hissed and splashes of water flew through the air(M.G.); It would have been better for me to abandon my horse at the edge of the forest and hide on foot, but it was a pity to part with him(L.); I would put a samovar for you, but I don’t have any tea(T.).

Complex sentences can be polynomial, i.e. consist of several parts, for example: The poplars swayed loudly, and because of them the windows sparkled, and the castle cast gloomy glances at everyone.(Cor.).

Complex sentences most often express relationships connective, adversative and disjunctive (cf. functions of coordinating conjunctions and their classification). In addition, complex sentences can express comparative, adjunctive, explanatory relationships with various additional shades of meaning.

Connective relationships. In complex sentences expressing connecting relationships, conjunctions serve as a means of connecting parts of a single whole and, yes, neither(repeated) also, too(the last two with a connecting shade of meaning).

And most often expressed temporaryse relationship. To express these relationships, verb forms (temporal and aspectual), the order of parts in a complex compound, intonation, conjunction, and additional lexical means are used.

In some cases it is expressed simultaneity two or more actions, phenomena, events. The meaning of simultaneity is usually conveyed by coinciding tense forms of predicate verbs (usually imperfect, less often perfect) in the parts that make up the compound; sometimes the verb forms in these cases do not match. For example: And here in the foggy heightsstarted singingbirds and eastgot rich(L.).

The importance of simultaneity is emphasized by the presence of a common secondary member (most often adverbial circumstances) between parts of a complex sentence, for example: Around the sandhoops were lying around without any order and empty barrels were sticking out(Grieg.).

Another type of temporary relations in a compound sentence - subsequence actions or states, expressed by the order of parts and aspectual verb forms in the composed parts of a sentence. For example: The last glow of the evening dawnwent outcompletely and dark nightcame downto the ground(Ars.).

A time sequence value can be appended with a value hue consequences, For example: ...At the exit of the bridge, the horses in the company cart hesitated, and the whole crowd had to wait(L.T.).

A special intonation is inherent in complex sentences that express a rapid change of events or an unexpected result (the first part of them can be a nominative sentence). For example: One jump - and the lion is already on the back of the buffalo(Cupr.); A moment - and everything again drowned in darkness(Cor.).

Compound sentences with a conjunction And can express cause-and-effect relations that are clearly revealed in cases where in the second part of a complex sentence after the conjunction And adverbs follow because, therefore, therefore and others with a hint of accession. For example: The judge's lips were right under his nose,and that's whyhis nose could sniff his upper lip as much as he wanted(U.).

Union And can also express relationships close to adversarial, For example: Everyone knew herAndno one noticed(P.).

connecting union Yes used in complex sentences expressing temporaryse relationship. In this case, a shade of connecting connection is created, and from the stylistic side - a shade of colloquial speech. For example: The cuckoo crowed loudly in the distance,Yeshow the crazy jackdaw screamed(N.).

Repeating conjunction no no gives meaning to a compound sentence negative transfer And mutual exclusion, For example: Neithershe won't hurt anyoneneitherno one will touch her(S.-Sch.).

Unions Also And Same attach to the second part of a compound sentence connecting shade of value, for example: The strange old man spoke very drawlingly, the sound of his voiceAlsoamazed me(T.).

Aversive relationships. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions ( a, but, yes, however, but, same etc.) express relationships oppositions or comparisons, sometimes with various additional shades (inconsistencies, restrictions, concessions, etc.). This meaning of this type of complex sentences influences their construction: the word order in the second part is determined by the nature of its opposition to the first part.

Widely used in complex sentences with specified conjunction meanings A, For example: The earth still looks sad,Athe air already breathes in spring(Tyutch.); Learning is light,Aignorance - darkness(last).

The meaning of opposition, limitation, inconsistency is expressed using the conjunction But, For example: Dubrovsky held an open book in his hand,Buthis eyes were closed(P.); The sun has setButit's still light in the forest(T.).

Close in meaning to the union But union however (however), For example: The firefight died downhowevercannonballs and bombs continue to fly(S.-C.).

A nasty union Yes gives the statement a touch of colloquial speech, and is also found in folklore works, for example: I woke up,Yeslaziness has overcome(T.); Good porridgeYessmall bowl(verbal).

Union but, in addition to the general meaning of opposition, contains an additional connotation of compensation, for example: More than one stripe is visible on the sides of your sunken whips,butin the inns' yards you ate plenty of oats(N.).

Unions or else, not that, not that, characteristic of colloquial speech, are used in contrast in complex sentences in which the second part indicates the possible consequences of failure to do what is said in the first part. For example: ...You'll be fine, but look, don't talk,otherwiseI'll beat you up(P.); Shut upotherwiseI'll shoot you... like a partridge(Ch.).

Union same, expressing opposition in a complex sentence, has the additional meaning of an intensifying particle and semantically highlights the first word in the second part, after which it is usually placed. For example: The birches have blossomed, the oakssamestood naked(Ch.).

Separation relationships. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions ( or, either, whether...whether, then...then etc.) indicate the alternation of events, their sequential change, incompatibility, etc.

Union or/or, expressing relationships of mutual exclusion, can be single or repeated, for example: Only occasionally does a timid deer run through the desert,orhorses herd playful silence from a distance will outrage(L.); OrI don't understand,oryou don't want to understand me(Ch.).

The same divisive relations are expressed using the conjunction or, For example: Orweave,orspin,orsing songs(verbal).

Double alliances whether... whether, whether... or give the statement a tone of enumeration, for example: Badlywhetheryou visited Plyushkin,or, simply, of your own accord, walking through the forests and beating up passers-by?(T.).

Repeating conjunction then...that indicates the alternation of actions or phenomena, their sequential change, for example: ThatIt was like fog fallingThatsuddenly a slanting heavy rain began to fall(L.T.).

Unions either... or, or... or not... add a hint of conjecture to the statement, for example: Not thatIt was an early morning,not thatit was already evening(Fad.).

Some coordinating conjunctions are used in a complex sentence to expressions of adjunctive relations, in which the content of the second part of a complex sentence represents an additional message or additional remark related to the content of the first part.

The meaning of accession with a defining connotation expresses the union And in combination with a demonstrative pronoun This at the beginning of the second part of a complex sentence, for example: Both listened and spoke too animatedly and naturally,and that's itAnna Pavlovna didn’t like it(L.T.).

As mentioned above, conjunctions have a connecting meaning Also And Same.

The adjunctive and adversative meaning can be expressed using a conjunction A, For example: You're bored, you can't find a place for yourself,Aboredom and idleness are contagious(Ch.).

Union yes and expresses connecting relations with a connotation of addition, for example: The boy looked very smart and straight,yes andthere was strength in his voice(L.).

SSP type	Unions	Examples
1. Compound sentences with connecting conjunctions (connective relations).	AND; Yes(in meaning And);no no; yes and; Same; Also; not only but.	They opened the door, and air from the yard steamed into the kitchen.(Paustovsky). Her face is pale, her slightly parted lips have also turned pale.(Turgenev). Not only was there no fish, but the fishing rod didn’t even have a fishing line(Sadovsky). He didn’t like jokes, and they left her alone in front of him (Turgenev).
2. Compound sentences with adversative conjunctions (adversative relations).	A; But; Yes (=But); however (= But); but; but; and then; not that; or else; particle (= A); particle only (= But).	Ivan Petrovich left, but I stayed(Leskov). Beliefs are instilled by theory, behavior is shaped by example.(Herzen). I didn't eat anything, but I didn't feel hungry(Tendryakov). It rained in the morning, but now the sky was shining above us(Paustovsky). You must talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry about your departure.(Pisemsky). The boats immediately disappear into the darkness, only the splashes of oars and the voices of fishermen can be heard for a long time(Dubov).
3. Compound sentences with disjunctive conjunctions (disjunctive relations).	Or; or; not that..., not that; then..., then; either... or...	Either eat the fish or run aground (proverb). Either he was jealous of Natalya, or he felt sorry for her(Turgenev). Either the silence and loneliness had an effect on him, or he simply suddenly looked with different eyes at the environment that had become familiar(Simonov).

Note!

1) Coordinating conjunctions can connect not only parts of a complex sentence, but also homogeneous members. Their distinction is especially important for punctuation marks. Therefore, when analyzing, be sure to highlight the grammatical basics in order to determine the type of sentence (simple with homogeneous members or complex sentence).

Wed: A man walked from a smoky hole And carried a big sturgeon(Peskov) – a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates; I'll give you money for the journey, And You can call a helicopter(Peskov) is a complex sentence.

2) Coordinating conjunctions usually take place at the beginning of the second clause (the second simple sentence).

In some places the Danube serves as a border, But it serves and is dear to people to each other(Peskov).

The exception is unions too, also , particle-unions same, only . They necessarily occupy or can occupy a place in the middle of the second part (the second simple sentence).

My sister and I cried, mother Also cried(Aksakov);

His comrades treated him with hostility, the soldiers same truly loved.

Therefore, when parsing, such complex sentences are often confused with non-union complex sentences.

2. Punctuation marks in complex sentences

1. Simple sentences included in a complex sentence SEPARATED FROM EACH OTHER BY COMAS:

The windows in all the buildings were brightly lit, and therefore it seemed very dark in the huge courtyard(Chekhov); It's hot outside, but the chickens are cold.

2. Comma before single connecting and dividing conjunctions – and, yes (meaning “and”), or, or – NOT PUT in the following cases:

A) common minor term:

Soon after sunrisea cloud rolled in and a short rain began to fall(Pushkin) (common minor member - circumstance of time shortly after sunrise, cf.: Soon after sunrise a cloud rolled in; Shortly after sunrise a short rain fell);

b) simple sentences within a complex sentence have general subordinate clause:

It was already quite dawn and people began to rise when I returned to my room.(L. Tolstoy) (subordinate tense when I returned to my room is common to both parts of a compound sentence, cf.: It was already quite dawn when I returned to my room; People began to rise when I returned to my room);

V) simple sentences of a complex sentence together explain the third sentence common to them, preceding them and connected with them by a non-union connection:

He felt unwell: his body was weak and there was a dull pain in his eyes(Kuprin) (parts of a compound sentence: The body was weak; There was a dull pain in the eyes- explain the meaning of the first simple sentence common to them, connected with them without a union: He felt unwell);

G) simple sentences within a complex sentence have general introductory word, introductory phrase or sentence:

According to hunters, the animal hatched in these forests and the bird disappeared(post source: according to hunters– the same for the entire statement, cf.: According to the hunters, the animal has hatched in these forests; According to hunters, the bird has disappeared);

d) a compound sentence includes interrogative, motivating, exclamatory sentences:

Will you come to me or should I come to you?

Let the enemy approach and fire on command!

How funny he is and how stupid his antics are!

e) a compound sentence includes one-part indefinite-personal sentences if the same producer of action is thought of:

The defendants were also taken out somewhere and were just brought back(L. Tolstoy);

and) A compound sentence includes impersonal sentences that have synonymous words in the predicates:

But in the absence of synonymous words, a comma between two impersonal sentences before the conjunction And put:

Meanwhile, it was completely dawn, and it was necessary to go out to sea again(Kataev);

h) A complex sentence includes nominative sentences:

Frost and sun...(Pushkin).

3. Instead of a comma, simple sentences in a complex sentence can be separated by a semicolon. SEMICOLON is placed if the parts of a complex sentence are significantly common (often these are complex sentences of a mixed type - with composition, subordination and non-union connection) and have commas inside them. Semicolons are often used before conjunctions. but, however, on the other hand, yes and , less often before a union A :

For six years the commission tinkered around the building; but the climate somehow interfered, or the material was already like that, but the government building just couldn’t rise above the foundation (Gogol).

Before unions and, yes (in the meaning of “and”) semicolons are used only when they connect two sentences that would otherwise be separated by a period:

Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed, came to life, and drops of dew, like diamonds, sparkled on the leaves; and the old, long-neglected garden that morning seemed so young and elegant(Chekhov).

4. Instead of a comma, simple sentences in a complex sentence can be separated DASH:

if the second part of a complex sentence contains an unexpected addition or sharp contrast:

Then a light whistle was heard - and Dubrovsky fell silent (Pushkin); I rush there - and the whole city is already there(Pushkin).

Often in these cases, either only the first sentence, or both sentences are nominative:

Another pressure and the enemy flees (Pushkin); Another year, two - and old age... (Ehrenburg).

3. General characteristics of complex sentences

Complex sentences(SPP) are sentences that have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are subordinate to the main clause and answer the questions of the members of the sentence.

before the main clause:

SinceNonna refused Andrey, the old man was officially dry with Nonna(Panova).

(Since), .

Subordinate clauses can stand after the main clause:

She didn't take her eyes off the road What leads through the grove(Goncharov).

, (What)

Subordinate clauses can stand in the middle of the main clause:

And in the evening, When all cats are gray, the prince went to breathe clean air(Leskov).

[ , (When), ]

Subordinate clauses may refer to one word in the main or to the whole main sentence.

The means of connecting subordinate and main clauses are:

in a subordinate clause– subordinating conjunctions ( what, so, for, while, when, how, if etc.) or allied words ( which, which, who, what, how, where, where, from, when and etc.); Conjunctions and allied words are the main means of communication in a complex sentence; they stand at the beginning of the subordinate clause and serve as an indicator of the boundary between the main and the subordinate clause. Exception constitutes a conjunction-particle whether , which is in the middle of a subordinate clause. Pay attention to this!

· in the main clause– demonstrative words ( that, such, there, there, because, because etc.). There may or may not be demonstrative words in the main clause.

Distinguishing between conjunctions and allied words

1) What, how, when can be both conjunctions and allied words.

Unions	Conjunctive words
1. They are not members of the sentence, for example: He said his sister wouldn't be back for dinner. (What– conjunction, is not a member of the sentence).	1. They are members of a subordinate clause, for example: She didn't take her eyes off the road that leads through the grove(union word What– subject).
2. Often (but not always!) the conjunction can be removed from the subordinate clause, cf.: He said that his sister would not be back for dinner. “He said: my sister won’t be back for dinner.”	2. Since the conjunctive word is a member of a subordinate clause, it cannot be removed without changing the meaning, for example: She did not take her eyes off the road that leads through the grove; impossible: She didn't take her eyes off the road, leading through the grove.
3. Logical stress cannot fall on the conjunction.	3. Logical stress may fall on a conjunctive word, for example: I know what he will do tomorrow.
4. You cannot put particles after the union same,exactly.	4. After the conjunction word you can put particles same, exactly, cf.: I know what he will do tomorrow; I know exactly what he will do tomorrow.
5. The conjunction cannot be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun or pronominal adverb.	5. The conjunctive word can be replaced by a demonstrative pronoun or a pronominal adverb, cf.: I know what he will do tomorrow. - I know: he will do this tomorrow; I know where he was yesterday. - I know: he was there yesterday.

How is union in two cases:

A) as part of a double union than... the :

b) in subordinate clauses of complex sentences that have an adjective, comparative adverb or words in the main part different, different, otherwise .

He turned out to be more resilient than we thought; How count the gossips to work, not better or on yourself, godfather, turn around(Krylov).

3) Where, where, from, who, why, why, how much, which, which, whose - allied words and cannot be conjunctions.

I know where he's hiding; I know where he will go; I know who did it; I know why he did it; I know why he said it; I know how long it took him to renovate the apartment; I know what our holiday will be like; I know whose briefcase this is.

Demonstrative words are in the main clause and usually answer the same questions and have the same syntactic meaning as subordinate clauses. The main function of demonstrative words is to be a harbinger of a subordinate clause. Therefore, in most cases, the demonstrative word can tell you what type of subordinate clause it is:

He returned to That city, Where spent his youth (That - definition; attributive clause); He stayed with that, to prove your innocence (with that – circumstance of the goal; clause of purpose); Read so that no one saw the note(So – circumstance of the manner of action, measure and degree; subordinate clause of manner of action and degree).

4. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

The types of subordinate clauses in the Russian language are distinguished depending on the semantic connections between the parts. But first, you need to understand what the self (or SPP) is, and how it differs from its fellow compound compound (SSP).

Their main difference lies in the defining relationship between the parts of the data. If in the BSC we are dealing with a coordinating connection (as you might guess based on the name alone), then in the CSP we are dealing with a subordinating connection.

Assumes initial “equality” between parts, i.e. each individual predicative unit as part of a complex) can function separately without loss of meaning: The gentle May sun shone welcomingly and clearly, and each branch reached out to it with its still young leaves.

It is easy to guess that the parts of the sentence in the NGN are in a different type of relationship. The main clause in it “controls” the subordinate clause. Depending on how this control occurs, there are the following types of subordinate clauses:

Types of subordinate clauses		Values	Questions	Unions, allied words	Sample proposal
definitive		Identify the noun in the main clause		Who, what, where, where, where, from, which, which	I accidentally came across a letter (which one?) that was written long before I was born.
Explanatory		Refers to verbs	Case questions	What, so that, how, as if, etc.	I still don't understand (what exactly?) how this could happen.
circumstances		Indicate the location of the action	Where? Where? Where?	Where, where, where	He went to (where?) where flowers bloom all year round.
		Indicate the duration of action	When? How long? Since when? Until what time?	When, as soon as, since then, etc.	I realized this then (when?) when it was already too late.
			Under what conditions?	If, if...then	I will help you solve the problem (under what conditions?) if I have time.
		Clarify the reason for the action	For what reason? Why?	Since, because, because	Petya could not answer the question (for what reason?) because he was not ready for it.
		Indicate the purpose for which an action is performed	For what? For what? For what purpose?		To personally verify this, he personally came to the director (why?).
	consequences	Show us the result of an action	As a result of what?		She looked so gorgeous that you couldn't take your eyes off her.
	course of action		How? How?	As if, exactly, as if, as if	The boys rushed as (how?) as if they were being chased by a pack of hungry dogs.
	measures and degrees		In what degree? To what extent? To what extent?	How much, how much, what, how	Everything happened so quickly (to what extent?) that no one had time to come to their senses.
	comparisons		Like who? Like what? Than who? Than what?	How, as if, as if, than	This guy turned out to be much smarter (than who?) than his peers.
			Despite what?	At least, in spite of, no matter what, no matter how...no matter, let	It may not seem true, but I believe in it (no matter what?).

To more accurately determine the types of subordinate clauses, you just need to correctly ask the question from the main sentence (or the word in it) to the dependent (subordinate clause).

In the BSC, the components are linearly juxtaposed and do not vary their positions relative to each other; functionally they are equal. SSP is characterized by an extensive system of meanings, in the formation of which, in addition to coordinating conjunctions, certain aspects of the structure of the connected parts and typified elements of their lexical composition participate. A particularly large load falls on the relationship between grammatical and lexical-grammatical categories of predicate verbs (tense, mood, aspect, mode of action) and lexical determiners of the verbal attribute (adverbs, particles, modal words, interjections), many of which are easily combined with coordinating conjunctions, forming unstable allied connections with them: and so, here and, and therefore, and yet, otherwise, well, and, which means, but, and then, but only etc.

Essay (parataxis, coordination)– a syntactic connection of grammatically equivalent units of language, which has its own system of means of expression (coordinating conjunctions).

Complex sentence is a complex sentence, the grammatically equivalent predicative parts of which are connected using a coordinating connection. The predicative parts of SSP, compared to SPP, are more independent, free, and more similar to simple sentences. But their independence is relative, because they do not have intonation and semantic completeness. The parts of the BSC are interdependent to one degree or another. In some SSPs, at the beginning of the first part there is a common component (determinant), the presence of which determines an even closer connection between the parts and indicates greater independence of the second part.

Types of compound sentences. Types of BSC are distinguished by means of syntactic communication and by the nature of the relationships between parts.

According to the type of structure and the nature of semantic relationships between parts, they distinguish:

1) BSC with connecting relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating connecting conjunctions: and, yes(in meaning And), too, also, neither...nor);

2) BSC with disjunctive relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating disjunctive conjunctions: or, either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or);

3) BSC with comparative relations between parts (means of communication - coordinating adversative conjunctions: ah, but, yes(in meaning But), however, on the other hand);

4) BSC with explanatory relationships between parts (means of communication - coordinating explanatory conjunctions: namely, that is);

5) BSC with gradational relationships between parts (means of communication - coordinating gradational conjunctions: not only...but also, not so much...as, not that...but, not that...but and others).

These types of BSC can be combined into broader categories based on the openness/closeness of the structure. Open structure proposals They represent an open series, the parts in them are constructed in the same way, and usually have the meaning of simultaneity. These include sentences with connecting and separating relations between parts. Closed structure proposals represent a closed series. These are two parts that are related semantically and structurally; the second part closes the series and does not imply the presence of a third part. BSCs of a closed structure include sentences with comparative, explanatory and gradational relationships between parts. The closedness of the structure is observed in connection relations, if the BSC is a combination of contrasting or effective parts. This indicates that the openness/closedness of the structure is associated not so much with the nature of the union, but with the semantic-structural interconnectedness of the parts.

Compound sentences of open structure with connecting relationships between parts. Connective relations are relations of logical homogeneity (enumeration). In temporal terms, these are relations of simultaneity or succession. Parts communication means: and, yes(in meaning And), neither...nor, too, also.

The most common and universal means of communication is the union And. Sentences with this conjunction have the following basic meanings:

a) simultaneity: O the leaves turn golden in the canopy and the sky turns blue.

b) consequences : He became annoyed and started banging on the door.

c) result or rapid change of events : In the spring, the windows open and noise rushes into the room.

Sentences with conjunction no no mutual exclusions matter, with conjunctions too, also– combine the connecting meaning with the connotation of accession.

Compound sentences of open structure with dividing relations between parts. Separation relations include the meaning of sequential change, alternation of events and phenomena, and a listing of mutually exclusive events and phenomena. Means of communication: or (or), either, then...that, not that...not that, either...either, or...either, or...or.

Union or stylistically neutral and introduces the meaning of mutual exclusion into the sentence : Either you are getting dressed now, or I am going alone. Union or(colloquial) can be repeated or single : Either a lasso on the neck, or a bullet in the back of the head. Unions whether... whether, whether... or contribute the value of a list of mutually exclusive events. Unions then...that, not that...not that, or...or introduce the meaning of mutual exclusion without additional shades or with a hint of assumption : Either the distant sky is blue, or the haze obscures the eye).

Complex sentences of a closed structure with comparative relationships between parts. Comparative relations include the meaning of comparative, adversative, as well as the meaning of inconsistency. Means of communication: ah, but, however, yes(in meaning but), but, but, and then, and not that, but and, and therefore, but then.

Union A expresses the meaning from the actual comparative to the meaning of inconsistency : They scold him, but he rejoices. Union But expresses opposition, union Yes(in meaning But) – additional shade of connection, conjunction same – comparisons and oppositions. By function same similar A, but located same in the second part of the SSP after the member of the sentence on which the logical emphasis falls is placed in first place: His comrades treated him with hostility, but the soldiers truly loved him.. With alliances ah, but, yes Numerous lexical specifiers can be used, which enhance the meaning of co-, opposition or inconsistency, give the sentence a connotation of concession, recompense, etc. In the function of means of communication, adverbs, particles, introductory words and various combinations can be used to design various shades.

A special group consists of BSCs with alternative alliances ato, not that, not that . They convey the meaning of a special opposition - with a touch of convention. The second part in such sentences indicates the possible consequences of failure to do what is stated in the first part: You should talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry. Alternative conjunctions are characteristic of colloquial speech. They convey meanings close to the meanings of words otherwise, otherwise, which often accompany these conjunctions or are independently used as connecting elements of a complex sentence.

Complex sentences of a closed structure with explanatory relationships between parts. In sentences with explanatory relations, the second part is attached to the first by explanatory connecting conjunctions namely, then There is. The second part clarifies and reveals the content of the first, so there is a kind of semantic parallelism here. The first part ends before the union with a significant lowering of the voice and a pause. Union namely brings the meaning of clarification, used in book speech . Union that is also introduces the value of clarification, the second part of such BSC has the nature of an amendment, a reservation: No one smiled at Natasha’s words, that is, the joke was not understood.

Complex sentences with the named conjunctions are rarely used in speech. To express explanatory relationships, non-union constructions are more often used.

Compound sentences of a closed structure with gradational relationships between parts. Special gradation relations can be conveyed in BSC, i.e. strengthening, increasing or, conversely, weakening the significance of the second component of the sentence compared to the first. Such meanings are expressed by conjunctions not only...but also, not so much...as much, not that...but, although and...but. All unions are double, with the first part of the union placed at the beginning of the first part of the SSP, and the second part of the union at the beginning of the second part: He not really cruel, But he is too active in character (L.T.). The dismemberment of the conjunction, the location of its components in different parts of the sentence, closely connects these parts into a single whole.