Ways to connect sentences in a text. In one or two sentences, describe how the images and literary works included in each group are related to each other. How these two images are related to each other.
This lecture discusses issues related to ways of connecting sentences in the text, as well as lexical, morphological and syntactic means of communication.
Ways and means of connecting sentences in the text
This lecture discusses issues related to ways of connecting sentences in the text, as well as lexical, morphological and syntactic means of communication.
Lecture outline
82.1. Ways to connect sentences in a text
82.2. Means of connecting sentences in the text
82.1. Ways to connect sentences in a text
A text is a message in oral or written form, characterized by semantic and structural completeness, a certain attitude of the author to what is being communicated, purposefulness and pragmatic setting of the message.
Any text is, first of all, a coherent structure. The coherence of the text is manifested in the fact that each subsequent sentence is built on the basis of the previous one, absorbing one or another part of it. What is repeated in the subsequent sentence from the previous one is called “given”, and what is communicated additionally is called “new”. “New” is usually emphasized by logical stress and is placed at the end of the sentence.
For example:
A well was dug in the yard. A frog (new) settled near the well (given). She (given) sat (new) all day long in the shade of the well frame.
The role of the “given” is to connect sentences with each other. The role of the “new” is in the development of thought in the text. To connect sentences in the text, “given” and “new,” two methods of communication are used:
- chain link
- parallel communication
Chain link reflects the consistent development of thought, so it is dynamic in nature. In a chain connection, the “new” of the first sentence becomes “given” in the second, the “new” of the second becomes “given” in the third, etc. Sentences seem to cling to one another, the subsequent one is picked up by the previous one, and thus the unfolding of thought, its movement, takes place. It turns out that the sentences are closely welded together, and, being isolated, they are deprived of the ability to use independently, since they contain lexical and grammatical indicators of connection with previous sentences (repetition of a keyword, replacing it with a synonym, synonymous phrase, pronoun, repetition of this or another member of the proposal).
For example:
Somewhere over the horizon there was a thunderstorm. She sent out decisive peals into the hot summer night. Thunder, already almost exhausted on the journey, revived under the dry, welcoming roof and wandered through the attic for a long time.
Parallel communication reflects enumeration, comparison or contrast. With a parallel connection between ordinary sentences, relations of simple contiguity and juxtaposition are established. The topic of each subsequent sentence is not borrowed from the previous one, but is predetermined by the fact that they are on the same plane, for example, they reveal a detail of one general picture, a description of a number of changing events, actions, states, pictures. In other words, sentences are not linked, but compared and represent the same syntactic constructions (the same word order, the members of the sentence are expressed in the same forms)
For example (example by N.S. Valgina):
The storm raged over St. Petersburg like youth returned. Rare rain lashed the windows. The Neva swelled before our eyes and shimmered over the granite. People ran along the houses, holding their hats. The wind flapped their black greatcoats. An unclear light, ominous and cold, either diminished or flared up as the wind blew up a canopy of clouds over the city.
Here, each sentence is significant, since their lexical content is completely independent (there are no indicator words; no words that contain and generalize the meaning of entire constructions; no words - “representatives” of another construction, etc.). The unifying principle of all these individual sentences is logical-semantic unity - the relationship between the general (the storm was raging) and the particular (the Neva swelled...; People were running...; The wind was clapping...; The light either waned or flared up...) in description of the picture. Of the structural indicators of unification, we can only name the parallelism of the structure of sentences (two-part structure, the same order of arrangement of the members of the grammatical basis - subject and predicate), as well as the coincidence of aspectual forms of predicate verbs (raged, whipped, swelled, ran, slammed, waned, flared up, swollen).
Chain and parallel connections can be combined within one text, forming mixed type:
For example:
Turns white sail lonely
In the blue sea fog!...
What is looking for He in a distant country?
What did he throw? He in your native land?...
Between the first sentence and the second, as well as between the first and third, there is a chain connection (sail - he), between the second sentence and the third there is a parallel connection.
82.2. Means of connecting sentences in the text
The thematic unity and semantic completeness of the text is created by means of various language levels.
Lexical means of connecting sentences in the text:
1) lexical repeat- this is the repetition of a word or the use of a single-root word to achieve accuracy and coherence of the text, allowing you to maintain the unity of the topic. In different styles and genres, lexical repetition is used in different ways: for example, for scientific and official business texts, word repetition is the main means of coherence. Repetition is also used quite often in this type of text such as description.
For example:
An old man lived on the edge of the village Bobyl. Was at Bobylya own house and dog.
2) synonymous replacement is the replacement of a word in one sentence with a synonym or synonymous expression in another. Usually used where colorful speech and its imagery are needed: in a journalistic style, in the style of fiction
For example:
The photo shows Brestskaya fortress . Or rather, only its small - central - part. Mentally we need to continue and close the two-story brick belt of the barracks with a ring. The destroyed church-club stands in the center of an almost two-kilometer ring citadels.
Artists from Antioch depicted hunting on the walls Artemis. Goddess threw arrows, and a short pink tunic sky huntress fluttered in the wind.
3) use of antonyms.
For example:
One was tall, another — low growth.
4) generic words, i.e. words connected by the relation genus - species: genus - as a broader concept, species - as a narrower one.
For example:
There are many dear Russians in this forest trees. But first of all you notice the trunks of your loved ones birch trees.
5) consumption words from one thematic group.
For example:
There are many Karamazovs in Russian life, but still they are not direct the ship's course . Sailors important, but even more important for captain and sailboat tiller and star , towards which the ideal is oriented.
Morphological means of connecting sentences in the text:
1) unity of types of tense forms - using verbs of the same type and tense emphasizes the temporal accuracy of the text. Thus, in description, as a rule, verbs of the imperfect form are used, and in narration - perfect verbs.
For example:
The seriously wounded Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, having gathered with the vultures, costs directly. He fits to the stove and touches to her with numb hands.
Aircraft swooped down so suddenly that no one had time to rush into the cracks. And that's it hit right there on the ground.
2)pronominal replacement, those. replacing a noun or other part of speech with a pronoun is a widespread means of communication.
For example:
And the years went by; Youth flowed quickly and silently, like snowy waters. Elena, in external inaction, in internal struggle and anxiety. Girlfriends she has there was none: of all the girls who visited the Strakhovs’ house, she I didn’t get along with any of them.
3)the use of conjunctions, particles, introductory words, acting as means of communication within sentences, they can also be means of communication throughout the text.
For example, introductory words so, therefore and others usually connect the last part of the text with the entire previous part.
He said that after confessing in court, he could not do this. After all an application for clemency requires an admission of guilt. A he does not admit his guilt and cannot write words of repentance.
4)adverbs with the meaning of time and space allow you to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics of the text.
For example:
Today the ring is broken in many places. Until the year forty-one it was continuous, with three gates.
Syntactic means of connecting sentences in the text:
1) syntactic parallelism- several sentences have the same structure in terms of the order of sentence members).
For example:
You have to be modern. We must be merciless towards the past.
2) parcellation- highlighting a member, often a secondary one, after a period in the form of an independent sentence.
For example:
At the very end of the 80s, fishing was banned there. Not in order to save her herd, to let the young fish run wild... But because the caught fish has become dangerous to humans.
3) juxtaposition of sentences- combining several sentences with one typical meaning into a syntactic whole by parallel connection.
For example:
Shrub and small forest. An eerie late afternoon silence. Silent thickets. A large flock of magpies rose in one place or another.
4) sentences-clips type
For example:
Let's move on to the next part of the statement.
This was discussed above.
What alreadyIt was observed... and so on.
5) words and phrases that do not reveal their semantics within one sentence(most often this role is played by the circumstances of place and time).
For example:
Today, the technical equipment of the topographer, surveyor, and cartographer has changed. Without leaving the building, you can use aerial photographs to create a map of any region of our country. New radiometric instruments make it possible to achieve high accuracy when drawing up maps.
Thus, we examined the means of connecting sentences in the text. Of course, these phenomena do not exhaust the entire variety of means of connecting sentences in the text. Moreover, often texts simultaneously use means of different levels:
For example:
The Department of the History of Russian Culture has a small but good collection windows Created mainly through the efforts of Pskov expeditions of Hermitage employees, this collection allows us to trace the patterns of icon painting of the Novgorod, Pskov, Moscow schools and especially rare icons of the “northern letters”.(In this case, lexical repetition and a demonstrative pronoun are used)
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PRACTICUM “TYPES AND WAYS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT”
Types of connection between sentences in the text:
Chain link: Consecutive connection of the second sentence with the first, third with the second, etc. (Chain connection diagram: 1 – 2 – 3 – 4...). The chain connection is due to the alternation of “given” and “new”; the author’s thought develops sequentially: what was “new” in the first sentence becomes “given” in the second, etc.
Parallel connection of sentences in the text: Subordination of the second, third, etc. proposals to the first. (Parallel communication diagram: 1: 2 – 3 – 4 – 5…). The first sentence contains the topic, gives the general outline of the picture, and all the rest are related to it in meaning and grammatically. They detail the overall picture and specify the topic of the text.
Joyful, noisy and fragrant spring in the forest. The birds are singing loudly. Spring streams ring under the trees. The swollen buds smell like resin.
Somewhere over the horizon was walking storm.
MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT
Lexical means of communication:
Single-topic vocabulary
Descriptive phrases.
Grammatical means of communication
Unions
Aspectual correlation of verb forms (one tense and one aspect in neighboring sentences) - for example, all verbs are used in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis that refer to previous elements of the text
(All two-part sentences are incomplete)
Sentences can connect several linguistic means at once
( Demonstrative pronoun, synonym and particle)
1. There is a lamp on the table. Fire in the fireplace. There are shadows on the wall.
2. Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of that time praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked
3. Friends worked harmoniously. Two boys were chopping wood. Three people put them in a woodpile.
4. One day the reader picks up a book... A memory of the happiness or grief he experienced arises, and, amazed, he exclaims:
- How could this person express my feelings?!
Empathy, a feeling of oneness with the author - this is one of the aspects of comprehension books.
5. They built a highway. Noisy, swift river of life
6. The tourists came out into the clearing. Here they decided to stop for the night.
7. Love the book with all your heart. She is not only your best friend and assistant, but also a faithful companion to the end.
8. My friends are my support. Any of them will always lend me a helping hand.
9. Bison were brought from Belovezhskaya Pushcha to Volyn. The newcomers quickly settled in and stopped being afraid.
10. All the blessings and joys of life are created by labor. Without work you cannot live honestly.
.
15.
16. The wind was blowing in the field. There was silence in the forest.
17. Play sports! Firstly, it will give you health. Secondly, it will strengthen your spirit and, finally, bring a lot of pleasure.
(D. Likhachev)
19. Someone unfamiliar was standing at the crossroads. I saw this man yesterday.
…
…
…
…
Exercise 4. Restore the order of the sentences
1. And poor people often received no salt at all.
2. At the table, the salt shaker stood near the owner.
3. This is why the word has survived to this dayoversalt in the sense of overdoing it.
4. The owner tried especially hard in front of the rich guest.
5. Once upon a time in Rus', salt was very expensive.
6. He gave more to the one he respected.
7. From this came the expressionslurping unsalted , which means “to leave without getting what you expected.”
8. He himself sprinkled salt on the guests.
9. And he often over-salted it.
Ferret. He Peasant
2. Khor was a positive person.This They are made Khor an authoritative person.
3. Singing dream, blooming color,
Vanishing day, fading light.
Opening the window, I saw lilacs.
It was in the spring - on a flying day.
Flowers began to breathe - and onto the dark cornice
The shadows of jubilant robes moved.
The melancholy was suffocating, the soul was busy,
I opened the window, trembling and trembling.
And I don’t remember where I breathed on my face from,
Singing, burning, she went up onto the porch.(A. Blok)
forests, mighty, untouched.In forests
talentedtalents.
We saw in the forestmoose. Elk
The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people.
To herto herand decorate it.
He unexpectedly returned to his native village.HisThe arrival delighted and frightened the mother.
A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village.Suchstars appear only in autumn.
The corncrakes screamed with distant, sweet twitching sounds.Thesecorncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision.
So
ANDjoy flew into the sky like lights. (A. Alekseev).
With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water.But
In a word
huge
If you go to the right, you will be rich. If you go to the left, you will be married. If you go straight, you will be killed.
They discussed the book they had read for a long time. That book contained what they had been waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain.
“Pushkin’s work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet in his works managed to combine foreign language borrowings, high Old Church Slavonicisms, as well as elements of colloquial speech.
A friend is arguing. The enemy agrees.
Sea water contains a lot of salt. This is why it cannot be used to prepare various dishes.
TEST WORK “TEXT. MEANS OF CONNECTING SENTENCES IN THE TEXT"
One day the reader picks up a book... A memory of the happiness or grief he experienced arises, and, amazed, he exclaims:
How could this person express my feelings?! Once a person begins to comprehend himself through a book - he writes it or reads it - he goes through with it the most complex process of self-knowledge and self-expression.
Empathy, the feeling of being united with the author, who understood the reader and showed him a similar face and soul, is one side of comprehending a poetic book.
Another equally significant feeling: after realizing oneself - a thirst for an answer, an impulse to action. A person’s eyes are opened to the world - he checks his words and actions, he shapes himself within himself with the help of someone else’s word, someone else’s feeling, someone else’s thought...
One day, a person who is confident that he knows everything and understands everything, who has passed the literature exam with an “excellent” grade, suddenly, as if having seen the light, begins to feel, almost touch words that had not previously evoked strong emotions and associations in him:
The lonely sail is white
In the blue sea fog...
Just yesterday these lines were not even remembered. Today they appeared in my memory, and at the same time a boundless seascape appeared before my mind’s eye...
And the reader is filled with strength from what he read, the desire to fly into the unknown, the desire to push away from everyday life - the world seems to him to be an easily surmountable obstacle on the way to the sun.
One day, someone who has been accustomed to cinema and television since childhood, always rushing about business, will want to stop, look around, feel... A person will want fresh air, flight, inspiration.
One day... a person will want to comprehend the art of words... This is a happy person.
Determine the topic of the text.
Find keywords in the text.
What linguistic means are used to make connections between sentences and between paragraphs?
What is the role of the repeated word “one day” in the text? (The chapter from which the excerpt is taken is called “Once Upon a Time”).
Explain the meaning of the wordsassociation, emotion, empathy.
Find contextual synonyms, antonyms, words with a figurative meaning in the text.
Write down the last two paragraphs, sort out the sentences.
Write an essay “Why I want to re-read the book………….” or write a short essay - express your opinion about the proposed passage of text.
Answers:
Exercise 1. Determine the types of connections between sentences in the text:
Joyful, noisy and fragrant spring in the forest. The birds are singing loudly. Spring streams ring under the trees. The swollen buds smell like resin. ( Parallel communication )
Somewhere over the horizon was walking storm.She sent out decisive wide peals into the hot summer night. The thunder, already almost exhausted on the way, revived under the dry roof... Chain link
Finally we reached the sea. It was very calm and huge. This calmness, however, was deceptive. Chain link
Forests serve to make our planet healthier. Not only are they giant oxygen-producing laboratories. They also absorb toxic gases and dust. They are therefore rightly considered “the lungs of our land. ( Parallel communication )
Exercise 2. Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text.
There is a lamp on the table. Fire in the fireplace. There are shadows on the wall. Incomplete sentences and ellipsis,
referring to previous text elements
2. Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in fashion. Love for the Fatherland seemed praised joked
over our failures. (A. Pushkin) Aspectual correlation of verb forms (one tense and one aspect in adjacent sentences)
3. Friends worked harmoniously. Two boys chopped wood. Three they put them in a woodpile. Numerals (quantitative, ordinal, collective)
4. One day the reader picks up a book... A memory of experienced happiness or grief arises, and, amazed, he exclaims: - How could this person express my experiences?! Empathy, a feeling of oneness with the author - this is one of the aspects of comprehension books.Single-topic vocabulary
5. They built a highway. connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov) Descriptive phrases.
6. Tourists came out to the clearing . Here decided They stop for the night. Adverbs (pronouns-adverbs): here, here, there, everywhere, everywhere, once and others)
7. Love book with all my soul. She not only your best friend and assistant, but also your faithful companion to the end. Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, attributive and others)
8. Mine Friends - my support. Any of them will always lend me a helping hand. Pronouns (personal, demonstrative, attributive and others)
9. Brought from Belovezhskaya Pushcha to Volyn bison Beginners They quickly settled down and stopped being afraid. Synonyms (including contextual ones, descriptive phrases)
10. All blessings and joys life are being created labor. Easily can't be honest live. Lexical repetition, cognates
11. From an early age, learn to be true to your word. Loyalty to your word is your personal honor. (V. A. Sukhomlinsky) Lexical repetition, cognates
12. The sound of a woodpecker was heard overhead. The forest doctor examined the diseased tree. Synonyms (including contextual ones, descriptive phrases)
13. Nature has many friends. She has significantly fewer enemies. Antonyms (including contextual ones)
14. The enemy is terrible behind the mountains. He's much more dangerous behind his shoulders . Antonyms (including contextual ones)
15. The war brought our country a lot of grief, troubles and misfortunes. But our people won because they were
completely devoted to his homeland. Unions (mostly composing)
16. The wind was blowing in the field. In the forest or there was silence. Particles (and, after all, and, after all, others)
17. Play sports! Firstly , it will give you health. Secondly , will strengthen your spirit and, finally , will bring a lot of fun. Introductory words indicating the order of phenomena (thoughts) and the connection between them
18. Being able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)Syntactic parallelism is the identical construction of several adjacent sentences.
19. Someone unfamiliar stood at the crossroads. This person I have seen And yesterday. (Demonstrative pronoun, synonym and particle)
Exercise 3. Linguistic task
On the third day, when the mirror was shining, the sun appeared from the case of the east,...
On the fifth day, when the cover of night was torn from the head of the stars,...
On the sixth day, when the flame of the sun appeared in the east,...
On the seventh day, when the crystal sun appeared from the cupboard of the sky,...
…The king's slave with a flaming heart came into the courtroom and began to cry out for justice.
…The king's slave, with a face that shone like a mirror, came to the courtroom and began to cry out for justice.
…The king's slave came unveiled into the courtroom and began to cry out for justice.
…the slave took a bottle of oil, appeared in the courtroom and said: “If I do not achieve my rights today, I will burn myself with this oil.”
((To solve this problem, it is necessary to pay attention to such means of connecting sentences in the text as conceptslexical repetition and words of one thematic group:
1 – B Mirror – sun = with a face shining like mirror .
2 – C Ripped off cover nights - without cover
3 – A Flame sun - from blazing with my heart
4 – D From crockery sky closet – bottle oil))
Exercise 4. Restore the order of the sentences ( KEY: 5 2 8 6 4 9 3 1 7)
1.5. Once upon a time in Rus', salt was very expensive.
2.2. At the table the salt shaker stood near the owner.
3.8. He himself sprinkled salt on the guests.
4.6. I gave more to the one I respected.
5.4. The owner tried especially hard in front of the rich guest.
6.9. And he often over-salted it.
7.3. That is why the word has survived to this dayoversalt in the sense of overdoing it.
8.1. And poor people often received no salt at all.
9.7. From this came the expressionslurping unsalted , which means “to leave without receiving
expected."
Exercise 5. Determine the type of connection and means of connection of sentences in the text.
1. On the threshold of the hut, an old man met me: bald, short, broad-shouldered and stocky - himselfFerret. He looked like Socrates: the same high knobby forehead, the same small eyes, the same snub nose.Peasant he felt his dignity, spoke and moved slowly, and occasionally chuckled from under his long mustache.1 text – parallel connection, - grammatical (personal pronoun, unity of tense forms of verbs), - lexical (words of the same thematic group)
Khor was a positive person.This manifested itself in his restraint and attitude towards people.They are they valued other qualities of a man.Economic acumen, ability to manage time correctly, organize everyday life made Khor an authoritative person.( 2 text – chain connection, - grammatical (pronouns: demonstrative and personal, unity of tense forms of verbs)
Exercise 6. Determine the means of communication of sentences in the text.
Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word.Around the city there are low hills forests , mighty, untouched. In forests There were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks.
Similar words. Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented , but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talents . (V. Belov)
Synonyms. We saw in the forest moose . Elk I walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.
Antonyms. Nature has a lot friends . Foes she has significantly less.
Descriptive phrases. Built highway . Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Personal pronouns. 1) And now I’m listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people. To her live and farm on this land, to her and decorate it. (L. Leonov) 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov)
Demonstrative pronouns (such, that, this)1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev) 2) The corncrakes screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision. (B. Zaitsev) – in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”.
Pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”).
Unions (mostly composing)It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. AND joy flew into the sky like lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron” (L.N. Tolstoy)
Introductory words and constructions (in one word, so, firstly, etc.)The young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In a word , society was pretty disgusting. (A. Pushkin).
Unity of tense forms of verbs
- the use of identical forms of grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV
was
in fashion. Love for the Fatherland
seemed
pedantry. Smart guys back then
praised
Napoleon with fanatical servility and
joked
over our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.
Incomplete sentences and ellipsis , referring to previous text elements:Gorkin cuts the bread and distributes the slices. He puts me too: huge , you’ll cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)
Syntactic parallelism – identical construction of several adjacent sentences.To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)
_________________________________________________________________________________
Winter can be long and harsh in these parts. Frosts sometimes reach 50 degrees. There is snow until June. Snowstorms occur even in April.(Words belonging to the same thematic group.)
They discussed the book they had read for a long time. That book contained what they had been waiting for. Their expectations were not in vain."(Lexical repetitions (that is, repetitions of phrases and words), including the use of cognates.)
Pushkin's work was of particular importance for the further development of the literary Russian language. The great poet in his works managed to combine foreign language borrowings, high Old Church Slavonicisms, as well as elements of colloquial speech.(Synonymous substitutions and synonyms (including contextual, descriptive and synonymous phrases, as well as generic designations).
A friend is arguing. The enemy agrees. (Antonyms (including contextual).
Sea water contains a lot of salt. This is why it cannot be used to prepare various dishes. (Phrases and words with the meaning of certain logical connections, as well as summative ones, such as: therefore, that’s why, in conclusion, let’s summarize, others follow from this.)
The rain is noisy outside the windows. But our house is cozy and warm. (Particles, allied words and conjunctions at the beginning of sentences.)
The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. A grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the neighboring sentence, which are consistent with each other.
Lexical means of communication:
- Lexical repetition- repetition of the same word.
Around the city there are low hills forests, mighty, untouched. In forests There were large meadows and remote lakes with huge old pine trees along the banks. - Similar words.
Of course, such a master knew his worth, felt the difference between himself and not so talented, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign talents. (V. Belov) - Synonyms.
We saw in the forest moose. Elk I walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone. - Antonyms.
Nature has a lot friends. Foes she has significantly less. - Descriptive phrases.
Built highway. Noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)
Grammatical means of communication:
- Personal pronouns.
1) And now I’m listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove. 2) The call for forest protection should be addressed primarily to young people. To her live and farm on this land, to her and decorate it. (L. Leonov) 3) He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His the arrival delighted and frightened the mother. (A. Chekhov) - Demonstrative pronouns(such, that, this)
1) A dark sky with bright, needle-like stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev) 2) The corncrakes screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; they were preserved forever by pure vision. (B. Zaitsev) – in the second text the means of communication are lexical repetition and the demonstrative pronoun “these”. - Pronominal adverbs(there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”). - Unions(mostly composing)
It was May 1945. Spring thundered. The people and the land rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. AND joy flew into the sky like lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same chatter and laughter, the officers hastily began to get ready; again they put the samovar on dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron” (L.N. Tolstoy) - Particles
- Introductory words and constructions(in one word, so, firstly, etc.)
The young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted for Russia the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine. In a word, society was pretty disgusting. (A. Pushkin). - Unity of tense forms of verbs- the use of identical forms of grammatical tense, which indicate simultaneity or sequence of situations.
Imitation of the French tone of the times of Louis XV was in fashion. Love for the Fatherland seemed pedantry. Smart guys back then praised Napoleon with fanatical servility and joked over our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense. - Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referring to previous text elements:
Gorkin cuts the bread and distributes the slices. He puts me too: huge, you’ll cover your whole face (I. Shmelev) - Syntactic parallelism– identical construction of several adjacent sentences.
To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)
Interview Question: Describe yourself in two words or one sentence
Purpose of the question: Assessment of the ability to self-presentation, as well as creativity.
Unlike the question: “Tell me about yourself” or “Why should we hire you?” the candidate is limited in self-expression to one sentence. And therefore, he will need creative abilities to describe himself at the same time attractive to the recruiter and completely and, at the same time, truthfully.
To whom we ask the question “describe yourself in a few words”:
Candidates for vacancies related to creativity and with requirements for speech abilities: marketers, advertising specialists, PR managers, public relations specialists, copywriters.
Candidates who require high presentation skills: sales managers, development managers, teachers, heads of departments and divisions.
How and when we ask:
This task, like any other in which it is necessary to show creative abilities, will best show the abilities of the interlocutor if he is calm. Therefore, I ask after discussing the candidate’s experience, when the candidate feels comfortable.
Rules for evaluating the responses received.
Incorrect answer strategies:
Refusal to try to give an answer in accordance with the task: “Well, I don’t know... It’s difficult in one sentence / in two words...”
Vague, monosyllabic answers: “Responsible... this is the main thing...”, “I would like to work...”. Here the possibilities of self-presentation are not revealed, creative abilities are not manifested. Such answers for the described categories of applicants may be grounds for refusal.
Correct answer strategies:
“I know how to negotiate well”, “I don’t refuse to help anyone”, “You can rely on me”, “I always achieve results”, “I strive for the best”, “I go towards my dreams”, “I believe in myself” and so on.
Each of these responses provides additional opportunities for clarification. I ask additional questions: “Why did you highlight this particular thing?”, “Tell me with a specific example,” “Give an example of a situation when that trait or quality of yours that you highlighted in your self-presentation manifested itself.”
The answers to these questions help to clarify the various facets of the applicant’s personality through the prism of his attitude towards himself: motivation, aspirations, strengths.
An important criterion is not only the text that the candidate proposed as an answer, but also his attitude to the issue. There are three types of relationship:
- He gets lost, doesn’t know what to say, looks through his resume, shows confusion. Such signs indicate lack of self-confidence, difficulty in solving non-standard problems, lack of search activity and desire to search for options.
- He reacts to the task tensely, cannot get his bearings right away, asks for time to formulate an answer, and as a result, most often, gives a good answer (from the category of correct answers or “needs clarification”). This behavior suggests that the candidate is not completely confident in his abilities and is experiencing tension when it comes to the need to answer a creative task quickly.
- He reacts to the task with interest, in a few seconds and with pleasure, he selects a bright and succinct answer. This option is optimal, as it demonstrates not only the ability, but also the readiness and involvement in solving creative, non-standard problems and demonstrating self-presentation skills.
Additional questions can be of two categories:
To test creativity: “Come up with a slogan that best reflects the characteristics of our company.”
“Create and present a new fantasy product”
To test self-presentation skills: “Introduce your motto.”
Hello, readers of the Russian Word blog!
Today we will continue the conversation about coherent speech, started in , and let's talk about ways of connecting sentences in the text, and also how to learn to use these methods in speech.
First of all, I want to clarify. We are not duplicating or creating a tutorial here. And we don’t open “America”! Our goal is to draw attention to the problem speech coherence and suggest solutions.
Blog readers rightly noted in the comments to the previous entry on our topic thatcoherent speechbegins to form in childhood. But for some reason, over time, acquired in kindergarten and schoolcoherent speech skills are lost.
Undoubtedly, every person needs to be able to coherently express their thoughts. After all, we really want to beunderstood correctly, it is so?!
This means that you need to learn to construct your statement, to construct text. By the way, let's remember what it is.
And let's begin!
Somewhere God sent a piece of cheese to a crow. Crow is a common name for several species of birds from the genus Crow. And the ugly crow flew up and grabbed the necklace! Crows live up to 75 years, although rumor ascribes them up to 300 years. The crow flew into the forest and the rest of the pearls fell into the grass!.. The crow climbed up the spruce... The bird is capable of complex forms of behavior and knows how to adapt well to various environmental conditions. The crow croaked at the top of its lungs.
Of course, this is not text!
Offers they were simply “pulled out” from different sources (from a fable, Wikipedia, a story) and put them on the same page. Without meaning! No connection! Without a goal! It would seem that the passage is about a raven. But this word “crow” is the only thing that unites these sentences.
The sentences are NOT CONNECTED with each other neither in meaning, nor grammatically, nor stylistically!
There is no beginning or end here. Complete nonsense!
Sentences in the text must develop the topic, they should be connected among themselves, united the main idea of the author. Any text must have a coherent structure!
Exists two main ways of connecting sentences in a text.
Chain (sequential) connection of sentences in the text
Chain link of sentences reflects the consistent development of thought. Neighboring sentences seem to cling to each other (like links in a chain).
Chained sentences are connected- soldered! - among themselves like this: the second sentence - with the first, the third - with the second, the fourth - with the third, etc.
A very simple example of text in which sentences are chained together:
There is a blackboard hanging on the wall in the classroom. The word text is written on it. A text is several sentences related in meaning and grammatically.
To learn how to connect sentences together like this, use repeating words, pronouns, cognates, synonyms, antonyms, conjunctions and allied words. There are other means of communication, more on that later...
Parallel connection of sentences in the text
In parallel communication, all proposals are not connected sequentially, but as if centrally: the second, third, fourth sentences are connected in meaning with the first sentence.
Wherein the offers are the same refer both to each other and to the first sentence.
Parallel communication reflects enumeration, contrast or comparison. Each new sentence does not continue the previous one, as in a sequential (chain) connection, but reveals and details one general - the first - sentence.
Proposals are not linked, but compared. As a rule, they have the same word order, the parts of the sentence are similar, etc.
An example of a text where sentences are connected in parallel:
Second, third and fourth sentences reveal the meaning of the first. Even if you swap them, the text will not be destroyed. And yet it will remain coherent. All four sentences are united by contextual synonyms: office, classroom, room, here.
Chain and parallel connection of sentences, sometimes used in one text. A classic example is Lermontov's “Sail”.
